Research Citations — Movement Code OHSU Workshop
Retirement Section  ·  MSD as the #1 cause of premature retirement in dentistry

A retrospective analysis of records from one organisation operating in the private medical sickness industry in the UK. Examined the reasons for premature retirement of 393 dentists who retired due to illness between 1981 and 1992. The study also evaluated the association between causes of retirement and occupational stress. 82.7% of cases were in the over-50 age group.

n=393 dentists retired due to illness, 1981–1992, UK
82.7% of cohort were over age 50 at retirement
29.5% Musculoskeletal disorders — #1 cause
21.1% Cardiovascular disease — #2 cause
16.5% Neurotic symptoms — #3 cause
7.6% Tumors
6.1% Nervous system disease
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A questionnaire-based study distributed to 207 dentists known to have retired due to ill health, examining the factors contributing to premature retirement of general dental practitioners. 189 questionnaires were returned. The study examined causes, outcomes, and re-employment rates following ill-health retirement.

n=189 dentists, mean retirement age 51.5 yrs (range 31–62)
90% considered their condition work-related
55% Musculoskeletal disorders — #1 cause
28% Mental & behavioural disorders — #2 cause
17% Other causes
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Column 1  ·  Lifetime MSD Prevalence — Dental Professions

A cross-sectional survey of 450 German dentists and dental students using a modified Nordic Questionnaire. The study examined prevalence rates across three time periods (7-day, 12-month, and lifetime) for multiple body regions including neck, shoulder, lower back, and upper extremities. The study also compared MSD rates to the general population and examined gender differences.

n=450 dentists and dental students, Germany
95.8% lifetime MSD prevalence across all dental professionals
92% 12-month MSD prevalence (also referenced in Column 3 career data)
65.6% 7-day MSD prevalence
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This figure comes from a survey-based report published on DentistryIQ, a professional publication for dental clinicians. It is not a peer-reviewed journal study. The 92% figure is consistent with the broader peer-reviewed literature, which shows annual MSD prevalence in dental hygienists ranging from 60–96% across multiple studies. The body region breakdown (neck 67%, upper back 59%, lower back 46%) is sourced to the same report.

92% of dental hygienists currently or previously experience MSD pain
67% neck pain (most common region)
59% upper back pain
46% lower back pain (also referenced in Column 2 body regions)
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A comparative cross-sectional study examining work-related MSD prevalence across three healthcare professions using an identical self-reporting Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. 300 participants total — 100 physicians practicing modern or alternative medicine, 100 surgeons of various specialties, and 100 dental surgeons. All groups were assessed on location of MSD symptoms in the past 12 months and pain experienced during professional work.

n=300 total — 100 per profession, same questionnaire
61% Dentists with MSD pain — highest of the three groups
37% Surgeons with MSD pain
20% Physicians with MSD pain
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Column 2  ·  Annual Pain Prevalence by Profession & Region

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis examining the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and pain among dental professionals in Western countries. The literature search covered MEDLINE, CINAHL, LIVIVO, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science. 41 studies were included in the review; 30 met criteria for meta-analysis. Prevalence rates ranged from 10.8% to 97.9% across included studies. Potential occupational risk factors — including awkward working posture, high patient volume, administrative work, vibration, and repetition — were also analyzed.

78% pooled annual MSD prevalence across 30 studies (Column 3 career data)
58.5% annual neck pain prevalence (95% CI: 46.0–71.0) — most affected region
56.4% annual lower back pain prevalence (95% CI: 46.1–66.8)
43.1% annual shoulder pain prevalence (95% CI: 30.7–55.5)
41.1% annual upper back pain prevalence (95% CI: 32.3–49.9)
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A comprehensive systematic review examining the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in dental personnel and their possible causative factors. All research studies and literature reviews reporting on MSD prevalence and potential risk factors in dentists, dental hygienists, and dental students were included. The review found overall MSD prevalence ranging from 64% to 93%, with clear differences in regional distribution between dentists and dental hygienists.

54–69% annual neck pain prevalence in dental hygienists (12-month)
60–69.5% hand/wrist pain prevalence — most prevalent region for dental hygienists
64–93% overall MSD prevalence across dental professionals
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A systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizing evidence on work-related MSD prevalence among surgeons and interventionalists. 21 articles encompassing 5,828 physicians were included (mean age 46 years, 78.5% male, 12.8 years in practice, 14.4 hours performing procedures per week). The study also examined disability burden and the impact of MSD on surgical careers and patient care.

n=5,828 surgeons and interventionalists across 21 studies
~65% 12-month neck pain prevalence (95% CI: 54–76%) using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire
~59% 12-month back pain prevalence
~52% 12-month shoulder pain prevalence
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A systematic critical review of the literature determining the prevalence of neck pain in the world population. A systematic search was conducted across five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, OSH-ROM, and PsycINFO). 56 papers were included. Mean prevalence estimates were calculated for six prevalence periods — point, week, month, 6 months, year, and lifetime — and considered separately for age, gender, quality score, and geography.

~23% overall mean neck pain prevalence in the general population — used as the baseline reference in the neck pain comparison chart
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Column 3  ·  MSD Onset — It Begins Before You Graduate

A five-year longitudinal prospective study following 73 dentistry students at Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic from 2014 to 2021. The same students completed identical questionnaires at the beginning of Year 1, the middle of their studies, and at the end of Year 5. A control group of 28 general medicine students also participated. The study assessed overall MSD occurrence and analyzed potential risk and protective factors including physical activity and sport participation.

n=73 dental students, Charles University, Czech Republic, 2014–2021
30.1% MSD prevalence at the beginning of Year 1
45.2% MSD prevalence at the end of Year 5
+50% relative increase across the 5-year program (statistically significant)
Czech Republic dental programs are 5 years in duration — equivalent to completing dental school
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